Author-date (Harvard) Referencing Guide
School of Nursing & Midwifery Flinders University
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The Reference List
Always include a reference list at the end of your
assignment detailing each work already referred to in your
essay. Do not include any additional sources in this list,
unless your lecturer has specifically asked for a
bibliography. A bibliography is a list of
every item you read while preparing your essay,
whether referred to in the text of the essay or not.
The layout of the list
Works in a reference list (or bibliography) are listed in
alphabetical order by author name, (or by title where
there is no author). See section 3.16 for an example of a
formatted reference list.
If you have several works by the same author, list these
works in chronological publication date order (i.e. start
with the earliest publication date and end with the
latest).
If one author has published several works in the one year
(see The
Textual Reference section on this), list these
works according to the lowercase letter attached to the date
(i.e. 1986a comes before 1986b and so on).
The reference list typeface is often smaller than the
normal text.
The essential elements
Depending on the type of item you are referencing, you
must include a certain minimum of information for your
reference to be complete. For example, you would need to
tell your reader some very specific information to indicate
the item you are referring to is a video rather than a book,
journal article or electronic database. The following
sections set out the rules for referencing a wide variety of
information types and will show you how to arrange the
different elements.
Punctuation
In the author-date system of referencing, all the
elements of the reference after the date are separated from
each other by commas. A fullstop concludes the citation.
Capitalisation of titles
- Titles of books
Capitalise the first letter of the first word of the
title and any proper names in the title. Titles should
always be in italics, e.g. Recent developments in
dementia care or The nurse in
Australia.
- Titles of journals,
magazines and newspapers
Capitalise the first letter of the first word of the
title and every other word except for definite articles
(the, an, a), prepositions (of, for, in, to, on etc.) and
conjunctions (but, and, than). This is called
maximal capitalisation. These titles
should always be in italics, e.g. Journal of Advanced
Nursing, Australian or Sydney Morning
Herald.
- Titles of journal
articles, book chapters and conference papers
Titles of articles that are part of larger works
should always be given in single quotation marks. When
referencing these titles, only capitalise the first
letter of the first word of the title. Capitalise any
words which are usually capitalised (proper nouns) such
as place names and names of organisations.
Note the capitals in the following examples: 'Lessons
from literature: caring, interpretation and dialogue';
'Nursing in the future: a look at Australia, the UK, and
Southeast Asia.'
- Titles of unpublished
works
An unpublished work can be a thesis, a manuscript,
distributed lecture notes or an unpublished paper
presented at a conference, seminar or meeting. Capitalise
only the first letter of the first word of the title.
Other than that, capitalise only words that are normally
capitalised (proper nouns). In other words, titles of
unpublished works have minimal
capitalisation; they are not italicised. The
titles are, however, set in single quotation
marks.
Book references
Include the following elements in the order given:
- author(s)
- year of publication
- title of the book, italicised and as it appears on
the title page, not the book cover
- title of series (if applicable)
- volume number, or number of volumes (if
applicable)
- edition (if not the first) written as 2nd edn,
5th edn etc.
- editor, reviser, compiler or translator, if other
than the author
- publisher (or publishers when item is
co-published)
- place of publication. Give the name of the suburb or
city and of the state or country if the city is not
well-known. If more than one place is listed, give only
the first-named place.
See Capitalisation
of titles for how to enter title
names.
- One author
Adams, T 1999, Recent developments
in dementia care, NT Books, London.
- Two authors
Miller, AW & Hanretty, KP 1997,
Obstetrics illustrated, 5th edn, Churchill
Livingstone, New York.
- More than two
authors
Jarvis, TJ, Tebbutt, J & Mattick,
RP 1995, Treatment approaches for alcohol and drug
dependence: an introductory guide, John Wiley,
Chichester, UK.
- No author (file by
title)
Health law: a guide for
nurses n.d., Albatross Press, Ringwood,
Vic.
NB The abbreviation
n.d. in this example indicates the work did not
display a publication date.
- A book sponsored by an
organisation or institution
If a book is clearly sponsored by an organisation and
the title page bears no individual author name, list the
book under the name of the organisation (see Rules
about authors)
Springhouse Corporation 1997,
Fluids & electrolytes made incredibly easy,
Springhouse Corporation, Springhouse,
Pennsylvania.
If there is an author's name on the title page,
include this name in the following way:
Australian Consumers' Association
1983, In sickness & in health, report
prepared by S Fogg, Australian Consumers' Association and
ACOSS, Marrickville, NSW.
NB Title page said: Sponsored
by the Australian Consumers' Association ... report
prepared by Sarah Fogg.
- A chapter in an edited
work
As stated in the section on The
textual reference, when using information from
an edited book, reference the chapter the
information came from, rather than the entire work. Your
reference begins with the name of the person who wrote
the chapter, not the name of the editor. It must also
include the following elements, in the order shown
here:
- the chapter title in single quotation marks
- the word in before the title of
the book
- the book title in italics
- editor's name (with initials before surname)
preceded by the abbreviation ed.. If there is
more than one editor, give the abbreviation
eds before listing all names.
See Capitalisation
of titles for how to enter title
names.
Willis, E, Biggins, A & Donovan, J
1999, 'Population-focused practice' in Community
health nursing: caring in action, eds J Hitchcock, P
Schubert & S Thomas, Delmar Publishers, New
York.
OR
Koch, T, Sando, PF & Hudson, S
1999, 'The nursing care of older people with diarrhoea
and constipation', in R Ratnaike (ed.), Diarrhoea and
constipation in geriatric practice, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK.
If the work has been compiled rather than
edited, set out the reference in the same way but use the
abbreviation comp. (singular) or
comps (plural) in place of
ed. or eds.
- An edited work
While you would usually include an edited work in your
references listed under the name of the author whose
chapter you actually cited in text, there may be
instances where you want to reference the entire work
(e.g. in a bibliography or if referencing an editor's
foreword). In this case list the work under the name(s)
of the editor(s) and insert the abbreviation ed.
or eds in parentheses before the date.
Grbich, C (ed.) 1999, Health in
Australia: sociological concepts and issues, 2nd
edn, Longman, Sydney.
If a compiler has compiled the work, give the
abbreviation comp. instead of ed. (or
comps if there are several compilers).
- One volume of a
multi-volume work
When referencing information that comes from one
volume of a multi-volume work, follow the title of the
complete work with the relevant volume number
(written as vol. 1). If the individual volume
has its own title, include this title after the volume
number. Both titles are italicised.
Gold, H 1999, The life and times
of Florence Nightingale, vol. 4, The Crimean War
years: 1854-56, 5th edn, Pegasus Press, Washington,
DC.
NB This is the 5th edition of
this multi-volume work.
If you are referencing more than one volume of
the set, indicate the relevant volumes after the
set title in the form vols 2 & 3. Do not
give individual volume titles. If referencing the entire
multi-volume work, give the total number of volumes (e.g.
5 vols).
If you are only referencing one
chapter of an edited multi-volume
work, set out the reference in this way:
Duncan, C & Googe, MC 1997,
‘Common musculoskeletal interventions’, in LO
Burrell, MJ Gerlach & B Pless (eds), Adult
nursing: acute and community care, vol. 9,
Nursing management of adults with musculoskeletal
problems, 2nd edn, Appleton & Lange, Stamford,
Connecticut.
NB Here Duncan and Googe have
written a chapter in volume 9 of a multi-volume work
called Adult nursing ...
The complete work is in its second edition and
has three editors. The relevant volume (vol.9) also has
its own title: Nursing management of adults with
...
- A translated work
If referencing a work originally published in another
language, include the name of the translator preceded by
the abbreviation trans. as in the following
example:
Izedinova, SV 1977, A few months
with the Boers: the war reminiscences of a Russian
nursing sister, trans. C Moody, Perskor,
Johannesburg.
- A book that is part of a
series
If the book you are referencing is part of a series,
include the series name in your reference after the title
of the book. Give both titles minimal capitalisation but
italicise only the book title.
Chapman, CM 1977, Sociology for
nurses, Nurses' aid series, Bailliere Tindall,
London.
If the series is numbered include the number in the
series statement.
Pryor, J (ed.) 1999,
Rehabilitation: a vital nursing function, Royal
College of Nursing, Australia professional development
series no. 11, Royal College of Nursing, Deakin,
ACT.
Journal articles
Include the following elements in the order given:
- author(s)
- year of publication
- title of the article, in single quotation marks
- title of the journal, in italics
- volume number, written as vol.
- issue number (written as no.) or some other
identifier, usually a month
- page number(s).
See Capitalisation
of titles for how to capitalise titles of
journals and journal articles.
Please note that you do not give
publication details (publisher name and place of
publication) for journal articles and, unlike book
references, you always
include page and volume information.
If a journal lacks volume or issue information, give
either the season, the day and month of publication or a
month range instead, (e.g. January-February,
winter, or 12-19 September).
Give the volume and issue numbers in arabic numerals
(e.g. 1, 2) even if roman numerals are used on the original
publication (i.e. write vol. 9 not vol.
IX)
Always drop the definite article (the, an, a) from the
name of any journal (e.g. write Journal of Advanced
Nursing and not The
Journal of Advanced Nursing).
- No author
'Patient latex allergy and its
implications for surgery' 1992, Journal of
Perianaesthesia Nursing, vol. 2, no. 6, pp.
34-36.
- One author
Hall, M 1999, 'Breaking the silence:
marginalisation of registered nurses employed in nursing
homes', Contemporary Nurse, vol. 8, no. 1, pp.
232-237.
- More than one
author
King, M & Wilson, K 1999, 'The
teaching and learning principles of metropolitan
Aborigines with diabetes', Contemporary Nurse,
vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 152-158.
- Newspaper articles
Reference a newspaper article in the same way you
would a journal article; however, give the day and month
the article appeared in the paper instead of the usual
volume and issue information.
Lawnham, P 2000, 'Program aims to
attract nurses to aged care', Australian, 21
June, p. 47.
When referencing a newspaper article without
an author, give full bibliographical details in
both the textual reference only and nothing in the
reference list. Do not include the title of an anonymous
newspaper article in either reference, rather give the
name of the newspaper as the title.
According to a recent report, the
Government is considering ways to attract more nurses to
rural areas (Advertiser 27 May 1999, p.
B2).
Published conference papers
Include the following elements (where possible) in the
order given:
- author(s)
- year of publication (not year of
presentation)
- title of the paper, in single quotation marks
- full title of the conference (as set out on
the title page) in italics
- editor(s) of the proceedings (if applicable)
- publisher
- place of publication
- page number(s) of the paper.
See Capitalisation
of titles for how to enter title
names.
- Unedited conference
proceedings
Barkway, P, de Crespigny, C &
Flanagan, A 1999, 'Preparing tomorrow's registered nurses
to respond to the mental health issues of their clients',
Looking forward, looking back: international
conference on mental health nursing: proceedings,
Australian and New Zealand College of Mental Health
Nurses, Canberra, pp. 61-64.
- Edited conference
proceedings
Clare, J & Hawes, C 1999,
'Breaking down the barriers for women: empowering nurses
to take part in a research culture', Winds of change:
women and the culture of universities: conference
proceedings, eds D Cohen, A Lee, J Newman, AM Payne,
H Scheeres, H Shoemark & S Tiffin, University of
Technology, Sydney.
NB In this example the
proceedings were published a year after the event took
place.
Unpublished works
An unpublished work can be a thesis, a manuscript or an
unpublished paper presented at a conference, seminar or
meeting. It could also be a set of lecture notes given to
you by your lecturer.
- Theses
Reference a thesis the same as book and note that the
work is a thesis after the title. Always give the name of
the university that supervised the research. Also state
the level of the thesis (e.g. PhD, BA (Hons), MA).
Nicholson, SM 1999, 'Angels with
attitude: changes in South Australian hospital nursing
culture, 1945-1990', PhD thesis, Flinders University
.
- Unpublished papers at
conferences, meetings etc.
Always include the following:
- author(s)
- year of presentation
- title of the paper with quotation
marks;
- the statement paper presented to
(or paper presented at)
- the name of the meeting/conference (no
italics)
- place of meeting
- date of meeting, in the form 21-24
August.
See Capitalisation
of titles for how to enter title
names.
Rushforth, R 1999, 'Nursing in the
hospice setting: the emotional cost', paper presented to
the 5th National Conference of Hospice Care Nurses,
Mildura, Victoria, 21-25 March.
- Lecture notes & study
guides
When referencing lecture notes distributed by the
lecturer, school etc., include the author's name, the
year of presentation, the lecture title, the unit being
presented (capitalised), the name of the teaching
organisation, the location and the date. Do not use
italics.
Rudge, T 2000, 'Health and illness',
lecture notes distributed in the topic NURS 1404
Foundations of Nursing, Flinders University, Bedford Park
on 17 April.
or for a study plan
Flinders University 2000, 'Study plan:
NURS1607 Fundamentals of Science in a Nursing Context',
Flinders University, Bedford Park..
NB Notes you take in the course of a lecture
are treated as a personal communication. See
Personal
Communications for how to reference your own
lecture notes.
Government publications
An organisational unit such as a department, a commission
of inquiry, a committee or a bureau usually writes
government publications. There are many types of government
publications. Some of the more common forms you may
encounter include reports (by or to government bodies) and
statistical Australian Bureau of Statistics publications.
Although these publications can seem complicated to
reference, they usually follow the pattern set out for
books.
- Australian Bureau of
Statistics (ABS) material
Australian Bureau of Statistics 1994,
Australia's food and nutrition, no. 8904.0, ABS,
Canberra.
For ABS material always include the ABS catalogue
number in the reference. This is usually found on the
title page.
- Government
reports
Government reports include commission of inquiry
reports, annual reports, reports by committees of review
or independent review bodies, or reports by an individual
to a specific government body.
Always include the following elements when referencing
a government report:
- name(s) of the author(s) or the group responsible
for the report
- year of publication
- title of the report, in italics
- the status of the report- indicates not
only that the item is a report but also the report
type, e.g. final report, interim report, main report,
executive summary, report to a specific agency
- the name(s) of any commissioner(s) or
chairperson(s), in parentheses and in initial-surname
order
- publisher
- place of publication.
Task Force on Co-ordination in Welfare
and Health 1977, Proposals for change in the
administration and delivery of programs and
services, first report (PH Bailey, Chairman),
Australian Government Printing Service,
Canberra.
When a report has a well-known title that is different
to its formal title (e.g. the Stolen Generations Report),
include an entry for this common title in your list of
references with a see reference to lead
the reader to the more formal reference. This is called
cross-referencing.
National Inquiry into the Separation
of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from
their Families 1997, Bringing them home, (R
Wilson, president), Human Rights and Equal Opportunity
Commission, Sydney.
Stolen generations report. See National Inquiry into the
Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Children from their Families.
When a report is prepared by an individual and presented
to a government body, set out the reference as
follows:
Neill, J 1992, Leaving hospital:
elderly people and their discharge to community
care, report to the Department of Health, HMSO,
London.
- Government publications
that are part of a series
When a government publication belongs to a series,
include the series name after the publication's title
(see A
book that is part of a series).
Hupalo, P & Herden, K 1999,
Health policy and inequality, Department of
Health and Aged Care occasional papers series no. 5,
Department of Health and Aged Care, Canberra.
If referencing a government report, give
the name of the series after the report status.
Ove Arup and Partners 1999,
Essential services costs in remote indigenous
communities, consultancy report for the Housing,
Infrastructure, Health and Heritage Branch, Indigenous
housing and living environment series, Aboriginal and
Torres Islander Commission, Canberra.
- Parliamentary Papers
Documents tabled in Parliament and published on the
order of the Senate or House of Representatives form a
series called the Parliamentary Papers series. These
documents are usually reports of some kind and can be
referenced in the way described for government
reports. However, in place of a publisher,
include the Parliamentary Paper
number as in the following example:
Industry Commission 1997, Private
health insurance, Parl. Paper 79/97,
Canberra.
NB The Parliamentary Paper
statement is abbreviated to Parl.
Paper.
- Acts of Parliament
Acts of Parliament are detailed in full in the text
of your essay. They are not given a textual reference
and neither are they listed in the reference list.
Include the following information:
- the Act's short title (which usually includes a
year) in italics
- a legislation number (if appropriate)
- the jurisdiction (e.g. SA, Vic., Cwlth, UK etc.)
in parentheses
- the relevant section of the Act, abbreviated in
the form s. 4 or ss. 4-7, or, if part of a subsection,
s. 19(1)(a)(ii).
According to the Nurses Act
1999 (SA), s. 3(1), unprofessional conduct includes
'incompetence or negligence in relation to
nursing'.
Standards
Include the standard number (in parentheses) after the
title when referencing standards.
Committee HT/30, Cleaning and
sterilization of medical and surgical equipment 1994,
Code of practice for cleaning, disinfecting and
sterilizing reusable medical and surgical instruments and
equipment, and maintenance of associated environments in
health care facilities, (AS 4187-1994), Standards
Australia, Homebush, NSW.
Encyclopedia and dictionary entries
Treat an encyclopedia entry the same way you would a newspaper article (leaving out the day and month details). If there is no author or if you are citing a dictionary then provide the necessary information in the text only.
'Vitamin C deficiency' 1982, New encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edn, vol. 10, p. 469.
The Mosby's medical, nursing & allied health dictionary (2002) defines it as...
(Mosby's medical nursing & allied health dictionary 2002)
(No entry is required in the reference list if you have the name and date of the encyclopedia or dictionary in the in-text reference).
Encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author.
Cole, JO & Cole, KG 1963, 'Psychopharmacology', Encyclopedia of mental health, vol. 5, pp. 1654-1663.
Films and videos
For motion picture and commercial video recordings
include, in this order:
- title of program or film (in italics and with minimal
capitalisation. See Capitalisation
of titles)
- date of production or recording
- format of the recording (e.g. video
recording, or motion picture)
- publisher or name of production company (e.g.
Pinewood Studios)
- place of production
- any special credits such as producer or sponsor, if
applicable.
Hospital realities 1972, motion
picture, BBC, London.
If a video or film is part of a
series, give the title of the individual
program in italics, followed by the date and the
format. Next give the title of the series, without italics,
preceding the production details.
The emotive image of nursing: the
media portrayal of the nurse 1997, video recording,
Australian nurses: the video series, Waterbyrd Filmz,
Australia.
Television and radio broadcasts
For television and radio programs, give the
date of transmission (in full)
rather than a date of production. Use either television
program or radio program as the format. Include the name of
the channel that aired the program and any special
credits.
No quick fix 2004, television
program, ABC Television, Sydney,10 August, Executive
producer J. Finlay.
If the program is part of a series, give the
name of the series episode first, in italics. The
title of the series (also in italics) follows the
date. Both titles are capitalised (see Capitalisation
of titles).
Prohibition or reform 1989,
television program, Lateline, ABC Television,
Sydney, 7 April. Reporter/producer M Corcoran.
Hearing loss in children 2000,
radio program, Health report, ABC Radio National,
Canberra, 10 July. Announcer N Swan.
Publications on microfiche or microfilm
Reference a microform document (fiche or film) as though
the item were in print form. However, include either the
term microfiche or microfilm in your reference to indicate
this special format to the reader.
A thesis
Bridge, K 1996, 'From bandaids to
boardroom: conflicts and contradictions in the practice of
occupational health nursing in South Australia', microfiche,
MA thesis, Flinders University.
Note that the thesis title is not
italicised in this example. This is in accordance with the
title rule in section 3.4.3.
A book on microfilm
Johnson, A 1947, Another's
harvest, microfilm, Bookman, Calcutta. .
Cassette or CD recordings (not CD-ROMs)
Include the phrase cassette recording or CD
recording after the title. Provide a cassette or CD
number if evident on the item.
Commonwealth Tertiary Education
Commission 1984, Faces of culture in health care,
cassette recording, Centre for Continuing Medical
Education, University of NSW, Sydney.
A sample reference list
Note the punctuation of each
reference.
Adams, T 1999, Recent developments in dementia
care, NT Books, London.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 1994, Australia's
food and nutrition, no. 8904.0, ABS, Canberra.
The emotive image of nursing: the media portrayal of
the nurse 1997, video recording, Australian nurses: the
video series, Waterbyrd Filmz, Australia.
Grbich, C 1995, 'Male primary caregivers and domestic
labour: involvement or avoidance?', Journal of Family
Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 114-129.
Grbich, C (ed.) 1999a, Health in Australia:
sociological concepts and issues, 2nd edn, Longman,
Sydney.
Grbich, C 1999b, Qualitative research in health: an
introduction, Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards, NSW.
Jarvis, TJ, Tebbutt, J & Mattick, RP 1995,
Treatment approaches for alcohol and drug dependence: an
introductory guide, John Wiley, Chichester, UK.
King, M & Wilson, K 1999, 'The teaching and learning
principles of metropolitan Aborigines with diabetes',
Contemporary Nurse, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 152-158.
Lawnham, P 2000, 'Program aims to attract nurses to aged
care', Australian, 21 June, p. 47.
Nicholson, SM 1999, 'Angels with attitude: changes in
South Australian hospital nursing culture, 1945-1990', PhD
thesis, Flinders University.
'Patient latex allergy and its implications for surgery'
1992, Journal of Perianaesthesia Nursing, vol. 2,
no. 6, pp. 34-36.
Rudge, T 2000, 'Health and illness', lecture notes
distributed in the topic NURS 1404 Foundations of Nursing,
Flinders University, Bedford Park on 17 April.
'Vitamin C deficiency' 1982, New encyclopaedia
Britannica, 15th edn, vol. 10, p. 469.
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